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Phone calls to and from inmates are regularly recorded and monitored, but some companies are adopting AI speech-recognition technology, semantic analytics and machine learning to flag phone calls in near real-time that contain conversations indicating violence or criminal behaviour.
A firm that offers Artificial Intelligence (AI) services to U.S. prisons and jails, uses cloud-based natural language processing to build a customised lexicon based on keywords, code words and local slang. Its software identifies discussions among inmates and their outside conversation partners focusing on weapons, contraband, threats to inmates, gangs, homicides, assaults or suicide.
Investigators notify law enforcement when the system picks up suspicious language or phrases that signal criminal intent, enabling officers to take action before a problem erupts. The company recently signed a contract with the Georgia Department of Corrections for its phone monitoring transcription services, which is hosted on a web-services platform.
The phone monitoring transcription service supports “non-biased phone call analysis and transcription, enabling keyword-based searches and alerts”. It uses translation so corrections officers can easily toggle between Spanish transcripts and English translations. Investigators leverage the information the transcription service collects and help prison systems shut down criminal activity that threatens inmates, staff, and surrounding communities.
A House panel recently asked the Justice Department for a report on the use of AI to monitor prisoners’ calls with an eye toward using it in the federal arena. Local law enforcement officers were able to solve cold homicide cases after prisoners were flagged on the phone talking about committing the murders. The technology also helped prevent suicides. If the federal government starts using it, they are going to prevent a lot of inmate deaths.
However, inmates, their families and advocates say relying on AI to interpret communications opens up the system to mistakes, misunderstandings and racial bias. The advocacy group Surveillance Technology Oversight Project reported last year that the technologies’ AI platform that the New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision uses had the potential to automate racial profiling.
A former Secretary of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation said the technology is saving lives both inside and outside of the correctional environments they monitor. Because they listen to all communications, they do not target a race, gender or protected group. Several state and local facilities, including in Alabama and Georgia, already use the technology.
As reported by OpenGov Asia, To reduce bias in AI algorithms, U.S. researchers have developed a new Artificial Intelligence(AI) programming language that can assess the fairness of algorithms more exactly, and more quickly, than available alternatives. Their Sum-Product Probabilistic Language (SPPL) is a probabilistic programming system.
Probabilistic programming is an emerging field at the intersection of programming languages and artificial intelligence that aims to make AI systems much easier to develop, with early successes in computer vision, common-sense data cleaning, and automated data modelling. Probabilistic programming languages make it much easier for programmers to define probabilistic models and carry out probabilistic inference — that is, work backwards to infer probable explanations for observed data.
SPPL gives fast, exact solutions to probabilistic inference questions. These inference results are based on SPPL programmes that encode probabilistic models of what kinds of applicants are likely, a priori, and also how to classify them. Fairness questions that SPPL can answer include “Is there a difference between the probability of recommending a loan to an immigrant and nonimmigrant applicant with the same socioeconomic status?” or “What’s the probability of a hire, given that the candidate is qualified for the job and from an underrepresented group?”.


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Digital innovation empowers ageing individuals by promoting better health management, social engagement, cognitive stimulation, safety, and access to resources, ultimately improving their overall quality of life.
While ageing is frequently accompanied by a deterioration in functional mobility, loss of muscle strength, and an increase in body fat, this trend could be reversed thanks to a novel magnetic muscle therapy developed by researchers at the National University of Singapore (NUS).
Weekly exposure to very low levels of proprietary pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) using the BIXEPS device invented by NUS researchers in 2019 is associated with significant improvements in mobility and body composition after 12 weeks, particularly in older people, according to a recent community study conducted in Singapore involving 101 participants aged 38 to 91 years old. After three months of magnetic muscle therapy, participants reported reduced pain perception.
Associate Professor Alfredo Franco-Obregón, who led the research team and is a Principal Investigator with NUS iHealthtech and co-founder of QuantumTX, says that the BIXEPS device uses a specific magnetic signature to target the muscles in a user’s leg and create metabolic activity in the cells, just like when a person exercises.
Studies from the past showed that when magnetic muscle treatment was used on one leg after knee surgery, the whole body’s metabolism improved. This was mostly seen as changes in the blood lipid profiles. That is, the effect went beyond just the leg that was treated and led to changes throughout the whole body.
After eight weeks of treatment, 72% of individuals reported improved skeletal muscle maintenance along with reductions in total and visceral fats, with 85% of subjects reporting improvements in functional mobility after 12 weeks, most notably among the elderly.
These encouraging findings suggest that this PEMF-based technology could be a beneficial adjunct to traditional geriatric therapies aimed at lowering the prevalence of frailty and metabolic diseases in the elderly population.
Importantly, visceral fat is an inflammatory fat that has been linked to a variety of metabolic diseases, including diabetes. Previous research has found that people in Southeast Asia retain visceral fat more persistently than persons in other regions of the world, despite exercise.
As a result, people in Southeast Asia get diabetes at a lower BMI than persons of other ethnicities. This has created a significant challenge for the Southeast Asian health business. Researchers finally have a solution to this local healthcare dilemma in the form of magnetic field therapy.
Based on the promising findings of the community study, the team has collaborated with research groups in the United States and Hong Kong to perform randomised controlled clinical studies to further validate the advantages of frailty across various ageing groups.
Since 2022, the team has also begun a senior-focused study with 200 elders across four Singapore community care centres to assess how the technology can improve function and ease chronic problems. This research is projected to be completed in 2023.
Real-world pilot data from current community programmes have also shown promise of improved HbA1c control – the most common measure for diabetes progression – after beginning weekly BIXEPS sessions.
The research team is currently collaborating with the Singapore General Hospital to perform a clinical trial to evaluate further the therapeutic potential of PEMF-based therapies for diabetes progression management.
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The consultative committee of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs was briefed by Hardeep S. Puri, the Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs, about the progress made in the Smart Cities Mission. Minister Puri highlighted the significant advancements taking place within the 100 smart cities and their positive impact on India’s urban future. He underscored the vital role played by Special Purpose Vehicles (SPV) in effectively managing and implementing the mission at the city level, thus maximising its potential.
The Smart Cities Mission, launched in June 2015, seeks to enhance the lives of citizens by implementing “smart solutions” that focus on core infrastructure, a clean and sustainable environment, and a high quality of life. Under the initiative, 100 cities were selected through a two-stage competition to be developed as Smart Cities. According to the government, the regions are showcasing satisfactory advancements.
The Smart Cities Mission is overseen by an Apex Committee led by the Secretary of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. They regularly provide updates on the implementation status of projects through the Real-Time Geographical Management Information System (GMIS). According to the Smart Cities Mission Statement and Guidelines, each city establishes a Smart City Advisory Forum (SCAF) at the local level to facilitate collaboration and provide guidance. The SCAF comprises various stakeholders such as Members of Parliament, Members of the Legislative Assembly, the Mayor, the District Collector, local youth, technical experts, and other relevant parties. So far, the Smart Cities have convened more than 756 SCAF meetings.
In addition, at the state level, a High Powered Steering Committee (HPSC) chaired by the Chief Secretary has been established. This committee plays a crucial role in overseeing the Smart Cities Mission within the state. Furthermore, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs appoints Nominee Directors to the Boards of Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) who actively monitor the progress of projects in their respective cities.
The Committee conducted visits to various project sites in Goa, including the ‘Mandovi Riverfront Promenade’, ‘Flood Mitigation Works’, and the Integrated Command and Control Centre (ICCC). During these visits, the status and progress of the projects were discussed as of 1 May 2023. It was highlighted that the Smart Cities Mission comprises approximately 7,800 projects with a total value of INR 1.8 trillion (US$ 21 billion). Out of these, more than 5,700 projects (73% by number) worth INR 1.1 trillion (US$ 13.3 billion) (60% by value) have already been completed. The remaining projects are expected to be completed by June 2024. Also, INR 38,400 crores (US$ 4.6 billion) have been released under the Smart Cities Mission as of 1 May, out of which INR 35,261 crores (US$ 4.2 billion) has been used.
The Ministry maintains regular communication and engagement with the states and Smart Cities through video conferences, review meetings, field visits, regional workshops, and more. These interactions occur at different levels and serve multiple purposes, including assessing the performance of cities and providing necessary support and guidance for their improvement.
An official said that ICCCs play a crucial role in enhancing situational awareness through the utilisation of advanced technologies. These centres provide comprehensive visualisations that enable civic officials to effectively address various urban functions and handle daily tasks, issues, and emergencies following detailed standard operating procedures. ICCCs have evolved into the central hubs of these smart cities, showcasing the effective application of technology in fortifying urban management.
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The Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks Corporation (HKSTP) and the LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong (HKUMed), have jointly announced the introduction of the HKU-HKSTP Collaborative Programme and the inauguration of the HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics.
The state-of-the-art Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) laboratory serves the purpose of protecting public health and facilitating the advancement of advanced therapy products (ATPs). With this significant development, new avenues of research and the production of ATPs, such as stem cell therapy for cardiac diseases led by Professor Tse Hung-fat and CAR-T cell therapy for blood cancers led by Professor Eric Tse Wai-choi, are now made possible. The products manufactured in this facility will benefit a wide range of patients, and the acquired clinical experience will further drive the progress of innovative therapies.
The HKUMed GMP Lab has a primary objective of producing clinical-grade advanced therapy products (ATPs) as investigational medicinal products (IMPs) specifically for use in clinical trials. Additionally, it serves as an innovative training platform for scientists and clinicians, offering unique opportunities for skill development.
Notably, this facility holds the distinction of being Hong Kong’s first GMP multi-products establishment with provisional approval from the HKSAR Department of Health for an ATP manufacturing license. Moreover, it functions as a training centre aligned with the standards of the Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention and Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S), ensuring compliance with Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidelines. The centre caters to the training needs of key personnel involved in ATP manufacturing, quality control, and quality assurance processes.
To establish Hong Kong as a prominent hub for the development of advanced therapy products (ATPs), two crucial factors are emphasised: talent training and international collaboration. The HKUMed GMP Lab has successfully implemented a joint training program with the Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service (SNBTS) and University College London (UCL), resulting in a skilled workforce capable of effectively operating the facility.
Additionally, HKU is actively engaged in the development of ATP translational training at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels, in collaboration with esteemed international partners such as UCL and Cell Therapies Pty Ltd in Melbourne.
This collaborative effort aims to equip students with the necessary knowledge and skills in gene and cell therapies. The establishment of the HKUMed GMP Lab not only provides unparalleled learning opportunities but also serves as a crucial bridge in transforming research discoveries made by HKUMed into tangible products that can benefit patients.
To facilitate the commercialisation of local research breakthroughs, the HKUMed GMP Lab will engage in collaborations with biotechnology companies to undertake Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) projects and pilot trials. The focus will be on establishing clinical trials for CAR-T and stem cell therapies within the next five years, with the goal of benefiting not only cancer patients but also those with non-cancer conditions.
This progress sets the stage for future product development at the Jockey Club Centre for Clinical Innovation and Discovery, located at Grantham Hospital. The upcoming centre will feature a GMP laboratory for gene and cell therapy on a significantly larger scale, enabling the HKUMed GMP Lab to collaborate with pharmaceutical companies in the localised manufacturing of cellular products, particularly for CAR-T therapies. This concerted effort aims to accelerate the translation of innovative therapies into practical solutions that can positively impact patient care.
Dr Grace Lau, the Head of the Institute for Translational Research at HKSTP, emphasised the significance of the GMP facility in facilitating the translation of promising research from local universities and biotech companies into clinical applications. HKSTP is dedicated to solidifying Hong Kong’s position as a leading hub for biomedical technology in Asia. This commitment involves providing essential infrastructure, securing international recognition, attracting investments, and fostering strategic partnerships. The HKU-HKSTP Collaborative Programme plays a vital role in strengthening Hong Kong’s ecosystem for advanced therapy products (ATPs) and significantly enhancing the city’s global competitiveness in the research and commercialization of next-generation cell and gene therapies.
Professor Tse Hung-fat, the academic lead of the HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, expressed confidence in HKU’s efforts to gather top industry talents and establish itself as a premier ATP training hub in Hong Kong and the Greater Bay Area.
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Bernard Widjayam, the Head of the Market Conduct Department at the Financial Services Authority (OJK), underscored the significance of incorporating technology into the oversight of financial service businesses. In his statement, he highlighted the limitations of manual analysis when it comes to efficiently and effectively analysing data on behaviour within the industry.
Manually analysing vast amounts of data related to financial service business behaviour can be a time-consuming task. Furthermore, relying solely on manual analysis can introduce the risk of inefficiencies, inaccuracies, and inconsistencies in the data analysis process. It may lead to a lack of coherence and potentially misleading information.
By leveraging technology in the supervision and monitoring of financial service businesses, the aim is to enhance data analysis’s efficiency, accuracy, and reliability. Automation and advanced algorithms can streamline the process, enabling faster and more comprehensive analysis of behaviour-related information. In turn, facilitates timely and informed decision-making for regulatory authorities and promotes a more transparent and compliant financial services sector.
Implementing technology-driven solutions allows for data collection, processing, and analysis automation. By harnessing advanced analytical tools and techniques, regulatory bodies can uncover patterns, trends, and anomalies in behaviour data that may otherwise be overlooked in manual analysis. This comprehensive and data-driven approach enables a deeper understanding of the industry, identifies potential risks or misconduct, and supports proactive regulatory interventions.
Moreover, using technology to supervise financial service businesses helps establish a consistent and standardised framework for data analysis. It ensures that the analysis is conducted systematically and unbiasedly, reducing the potential for human errors and subjective interpretations. It promotes transparency, fairness, and accountability in assessing behaviour within the financial services industry.
Bernard Widjayam also highlighted the potential use of AI and machine learning technologies in monitoring the offerings of financial products and services through various media channels. By harnessing the power of AI and machine learning, regulatory authorities can enhance their ability to detect and assess potentially misleading or non-compliant advertisements and promotions in the financial services sector.
AI and machine learning algorithms can analyse enormous amounts of data from different sources, such as websites, social media platforms, and online advertisements, to identify patterns and anomalies in the marketing practices of financial service providers. It enables authorities to swiftly identify misleading claims, hidden fees, or unfair marketing tactics that misguide consumers or violate regulatory standards.
Using AI and machine learning technologies can significantly augment the effectiveness and efficiency of regulatory oversight in the digital age. These technologies can automate the monitoring process, flagging suspicious advertisements or promotions for further investigation and reducing the burden of manual monitoring on regulatory authorities.
To promote the digitalisation of activities in BPR/BPRS as outlined in pillar 2 of the Indonesian Banking Development Roadmap, CBI, as the Credit Insurance Management Institution (LPIP), has implemented Artificial Intelligence (AI) and utilised credit scoring for credit application analysis.
Implementing AI in credit application analysis is expected to provide higher efficiency and accuracy. By leveraging AI technology, CBI can process customer data quickly and accurately, identify credit risks, and make more precise credit decisions. Moreover, CBI can evaluate the credit profiles of prospective borrowers based on factors such as credit history, income, and assets. It enables CBI to make objective and fair credit decisions.
With the implementation of AI and the utilisation of credit scoring, CBI can accelerate the credit application process, reduce undesirable credit risks, and improve the overall operational efficiency of BPR/BPRS. This step aligns with the vision of the Indonesian Banking Development Roadmap, which emphasises the importance of digitalisation in enhancing the competitiveness of the banking sector.
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The Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT) invites all stakeholders, advocates, and concerned individuals to submit feedback, comments, and suggestions on the drafted National Cybersecurity Plan (NCSP) 2023-2028 to provide a safe and reliable cyberspace for all Filipinos.
The goal of the public consultation on the draught of the NCSP 2023-2028 is to improve the final document, which is expected to be released by the end of 2023. All parties interested may offer their suggestions and comments to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Cybersecurity and Upskilling via email at oascu@dict.gov.ph. The outline NCSP 2023-2028 is organised around six (6) pillars, including:
- Enactment of the “Cybersecurity Act” to strengthen the policy framework;
- Secure and protect Critical Information Infrastructures (CII);
- Proactively defend the government and people in cyberspace;
- Operational and well-coordinated network of Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) and SOC;
- Capacitate workforce in cybersecurity; and
- Enhancing international cooperation.
Ivan John E. Uy, secretary of the DICT, emphasised the importance of concerted action from all interested parties to create a trusted, dependable, and safe online environment for Filipinos.
“The NCSP 2023-2028 shows the importance of convergence among all government agencies in delivering our mission. It outlines steps on how each government agency can coordinate all their cybersecurity initiatives through the National Cybersecurity Inter-Agency Committee (NCIAC). It also harmonises all organisation CERT and defined two national-level CERTs,” said Secretary Ivan.
He also stated that there was a steady increase in internet-based transactions during and after the COVID-19 outbreak. The country gradually evolved to cashless transactions as electronic commerce and e-banking became commonplace, mostly because of inventions from the private sector. Cybercrime incidences rose as these advanced.
Cyberthreat actors took use of flaws and vulnerabilities in processes, technology, and human behaviour. In response to these changes, the National Cybersecurity Plan 2023–2028 (NCSP 2023–2028) was created.
The goal of DICT is to give every Filipino access to a trusted, secure, and reliable online environment. This demonstrates the necessity of protecting the government and the public online, as well as the significance of fostering the kind of trust required for online commerce to flourish.
The NCSP’s second iteration drew on the preceding strategy’s results while also demonstrating a policy shift. DICT is now attempting to establish a Cybersecurity Act to balance the economic linkages impacting noncompliance with cybersecurity legislation.
The new strategy also promotes policy based on standards and risk-based methods. Individual organisations, rather than entire sectors, are designated as CIIs if they fail, depending on their size and influence. A renewed emphasis on developing the cyber workforce, as well as the significance of improving international collaboration in cybersecurity, was also emphasised.
Most particularly, the NCSP 2023-2028 demonstrates the importance of collaboration among all government departments in carrying out its mandate. It details how each government agency can use the National Cybersecurity Inter-Agency Committee (NCIAC) to coordinate all their cybersecurity initiatives. It also unifies all organisation CERTs and establishes two national-level CERTs.
Though the NCSP 2023-2028 has a sublime goal, DICT thinks this strategy can be successful with the assistance of all government agencies, the private sector, and all departments of government.
The National Cybersecurity Plan must be developed by DICT in accordance with RA 10844, hence, the National Cybersecurity Plan 2028 (NCSP 2028) draft is meant to serve as a guide for consultations, with the goal of using comments to improve the final version of the NCSP, which is scheduled to be released before the end of 2023.
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CSIRO, Australia’s national science agency, is spearheading a ground-breaking initiative aimed at reshaping the country’s energy landscape and assisting in achieving its net zero emissions target by 2050. This transformative project entails the development of a portable device capable of generating hydrogen on-site, a pioneering approach in Australia.
Dr Vicky Au, Deputy Hydrogen Industry Mission Lead at CSIRO, emphasised that the forthcoming project would be the first of its kind in Australia, employing domestic technology to produce hydrogen from a liquid carrier. This initiative directly addresses significant hurdles currently impeding the growth of the hydrogen sector.
The immense potential for Australia to emerge as an energy powerhouse through hydrogen was highlighted, underscoring the need to develop improved methods for the safe transportation and storage of hydrogen on a large scale.
The portable generator unit being developed will play a pivotal role in advancing the hydrogen industry by facilitating the efficient delivery of hydrogen to end consumers. Its compact design will enable it to be easily transported and deployed in various locations, such as farms, festivals, industrial facilities, and mine sites. The critical collaboration between industry and research in delivering the necessary solutions for a sustainable future.
Dr John Chiefari, a researcher at CSIRO, highlighted the pivotal role of CSIRO’s patented catalytic static mixers in the development of the innovative hydrogen generator. These catalytic static mixers are specialised tools that efficiently blend fluids, accelerating and enhancing chemical reactions without the need for any moving parts. This exceptional level of control ensures high scalability without the typical technical complexities associated with such processes, providing a distinct advantage over conventional packed bed reactor technology.
It was further explained that the technology for incorporating hydrogen into a carrier fluid is already established. The new hydrogen generation system being developed will enable localised and on-demand production of hydrogen from the carrier fluid while benefiting from the safe storage capabilities comparable to conventional fuels like diesel or petrol. This advancement represents a significant leap forward, aiming to store hydrogen fuel in standard tanks and use existing infrastructure designed for diesel or petrol management.
The CEO of Advanced Carbon Engineering, expressed the company’s commitment to fostering national capabilities through crucial research, enabling ground-breaking discoveries, and nurturing emerging industries. He noted that innovation plays a crucial role in shaping the future of humanity. It drives progress, fuels economic growth, addresses challenges, unlocks new opportunities, and ensures a sustainable future for generations to come.
The project forms a crucial component of CSIRO’s Hydrogen Industry Mission, which aims to contribute to global decarbonisation efforts by establishing a commercially viable hydrogen industry within Australia.
Australia’s National Hydrogen Strategy outlines the significant economic and environmental benefits associated with a clean hydrogen industry. By 2050, the strategy envisions the creation of 16,000 jobs related to the hydrogen sector, alongside an additional 13,000 jobs stemming from the construction of renewable energy infrastructure that supports hydrogen production.
The development of Australian hydrogen production, both for domestic use and export purposes, has the potential to generate over $50 billion in additional GDP by 2050. Moreover, it could lead to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to one-third of Australia’s current fossil fuel emissions by the same year. These figures underscore the immense potential and positive impact of a thriving hydrogen industry in Australia.
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The Privacy Commissioner, Michael Webster, has issued warnings regarding safeguarding personal information while utilising artificial intelligence (AI), addressing the private and public sectors. In releasing his expectations, Webster emphasised the need for adaptability as technological advancements in AI continue to evolve rapidly.
Webster’s emphasis on organisations exercising caution in handling personal information within the realm of AI highlights the critical need to balance the potential gains in productivity with the inherent privacy risks involved. With the increasing reliance on AI systems like ChatGPT, it becomes crucial to address the challenges associated with managing and controlling the information fed into these systems.
One key concern lies in the difficulty of retrieving information once it has been input into AI systems. Unlike traditional data storage methods, where retrieval is relatively straightforward, AI systems often lack easily accessible mechanisms to retrieve specific information. This poses significant challenges in ensuring the accuracy, integrity, and privacy of the data that has been processed.
Furthermore, the controls governing the usage of personal information within AI systems are often limited in scope. As AI technologies rapidly advance, it becomes imperative to establish robust frameworks and mechanisms to regulate and govern the use of personal data. Without adequate controls, there is a risk of unauthorised access, misuse, or inappropriate handling of sensitive information, leading to privacy breaches and potential harm to individuals.
Webster’s warning reminds organisations to carefully evaluate and address these concerns before implementing AI solutions. Organisations must thoroughly assess AI’s potential risks and implications, especially when handling personal or confidential information. This includes considering the AI system’s privacy impact, security measures, and ethical considerations.
In light of these concerns, Webster emphasised that agencies should conduct comprehensive due diligence and privacy analyses to ensure compliance with the law before venturing into the realm of generative AI. He advised against incorporating personal or confidential information into AI systems unless explicit confirmation is obtained that such data will not be retained or reused. One alternative approach could involve removing any re-identifiable information from input data.
Considering the potential privacy implications, staff members were encouraged to evaluate the necessity and proportionality of using AI and to explore alternative methods if available. Seeking approval from supervisors and privacy officers and transparently informing customers about the use of AI were recommended practices. Additionally, Webster emphasised the importance of human review of any AI-generated information before taking any consequential actions based on it.
Webster further outlined the steps agencies should undertake when considering the implementation of AI. These include conducting due diligence, performing a privacy analysis, and carrying out a Privacy Impact Assessment. Seeking feedback from impacted communities, including Māori, and requesting clarification from AI providers regarding privacy protections designed into their systems were identified as critical components of the evaluation process.
Before this, the commissioner had communicated his concerns to government agencies, cautioning against the hasty adoption of AI without proper assessment. He underscored the need for a holistic, government-wide response to address the emerging challenges posed by this technology.
The Privacy Commissioner’s warnings emphasise the imperative of preserving privacy rights when utilising AI. Organisations must exercise caution, conduct thorough assessments, and implement adequate safeguards to protect personal information in the face of AI’s evolving landscape.