Newborn jaundice occurs in up to 85% of all live births, including premature babies. It usually resolves within 3-5 days without significant complications but can lead to thousands of infant deaths, particularly in Africa and Southeast Asia, where treatment options are limited. A 2018 paper estimated that 75,000 children are living with brain dysfunction worldwide due to complications from jaundice.
Thus, engineers from the University of South Australia and Middle Technical University have designed imaging software that can accurately diagnose jaundice extremely rapidly, automatically turn on a blue LED light to counteract it and send the diagnosis in an SMS to the carer.
Jaundice is a common condition in newborns, especially premature babies, where there is an overload of an orange-yellow pigment called bilirubin in the bloodstream. It normally resolves quickly when the baby’s liver is mature enough to remove it from the body. However, in severe cases of jaundice, caused by sickle cell anaemia, blood disorders and lack of certain enzymes, phototherapy is normally used to treat the condition, using fluorescent blue light to break down the bilirubin in the baby’s skin.
UniSA remote sensing engineer stated that jaundice is particularly prevalent in developing countries where there often isn’t the equipment or trained medical staff to effectively treat it. Using image processing techniques extracted from data captured by the camera, researchers can cheaply and accurately screen newborns for jaundice in a non-invasive way, before taking a blood test.
When the bilirubin levels reach a certain threshold, a microcontroller triggers blue LED phototherapy and sends details to a mobile phone. This can be done in one second which can make all the difference in severe cases, where brain damage and hearing loss can result if treatment is not administered quickly.
Researchers tested the system in an intensive care unit in Mosul, Iraq, on 20 newborns diagnosed with jaundice. A second data set captured 16 images of newborns, five of whom were healthy, and the remainder jaundiced. The system was also successfully tested on four other manikins with white and brown skin colours, with and without jaundice pigmentation.
It was noted that previous research using sensors to find a non-invasive way to detect jaundice has fallen short. Methods trialled have been unreliable, costly, inefficient and in some cases caused infections and allergies where sensors needed skin contact. The team’s system overcomes these obstacles by immediately detecting jaundice based on a novel digital representation of colour which allows high diagnostic accuracy at a relatively low cost. It could be widely used in hospitals worldwide and medical centres where laboratory facilities and trained medical staff are not available.
The paper, Neonatal jaundice detection using a computer vision system, was authored by Prof Javaan Chahl, Joint Chair of Sensor Systems at UniSA and the Defence Science and Technology Group, and Iraqi researchers Ms Warqaa Hashim, Dr Ali Al-Naji, Dr Izzat A. Al-Rayahi, and Dr Makram Alkhaled.
It notes that the team developed an imaging system based on computer vision (digital camera) was proposed to diagnose and treat jaundice in neonates.
The proposed system has several advantages over the other proposed system found in the literature, including that it is effective in detecting jaundice at a TSB level of 14 mg/dL and above, the detection time is only 1 s, and it can be used in hospitals and medical centres where laboratory facilities and trained medical staff are not available, due to its low cost.
